John Locke And Rene Descartes Essay - 1444 Words

Who are you? What defines who you are? Why makes you who you are? What is your personal identity? Have you ever sat around pondering the meaning of life, or maybe just your life? Have you asked yourself any of these questions? What were your answers? These are questions that people have been trying to answer since the beginning of time, before me and you were ever born or thought of. People live their whole lives trying to figure out exactly who they are and what their purpose is in life. In the field of philosophy, many philosophers have had theories on personal identity and a person’s â€Å"self.† These people have gone down in history books for their theories on a person’s identity: John Locke and Rene’ Descartes. These are two of the most†¦show more content†¦The result of this exchange is that the prince still considers himself the prince, even though he finds himself in an altogether new body. (Nimbalkar, 2011)† Rene’ Descartes is a well-known philosopher that is also famous for his theory on a person’s â€Å"self† or personal identity. His famous quote, â€Å"I think therefore I am, (Descartes, 2004)† came from his theory about personal identity. He came up with his theory on a person’s â€Å"Self† after he decided he was going to go through all his beliefs to prove to people that you could know something whole-heartedly. â€Å"I realized that if I wanted to establish anything in the sciences that was stable and likely to last, I needed—just once in my life—to demolish everything completely and start again from the foundations. (Descartes, 2004)† He believed that a person could doubt that anything existed, including themselves, but that if you were thinking about if you exist, then you must exist because you are thinking. Hence, â€Å"I think therefore I am. (Descartes, 2004)† His use of doubt was because he believed it w ould bring him irrefutable, undeniable truths about his beliefs. His theory on personal identity has been coined over the years as â€Å"dualism.† The Premise of dualism is that a person can doubt that they have a body, because Descartes doesn’tShow MoreRelatedPropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thoughtRead MoreJohn Locke And Rene Descartes1442 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers are individuals who address critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs with underlying theories of their own. John Locke and Rene Descartes were both classified as modern philosophers in the seventeenth century who sums up the subject about personal identity and its determents in reference to our own existence, such as who are we? The personal identity theory states that the philosophical confrontati on with the ultimate questions of our own existence, such as who are weRead MoreInnate Ideas Essay653 Words   |  3 Pagesof ideas. Rene Descartes and John Locke were these two philosophers with the opposing argument on innate ideas. The place where Descartes discusses his views were in the Meditations on First Philosophy and Lockes argument is located in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. By using these sources I will be able to describe the difference between these two arguments on innate ideas. Rene Descartes was a mathematician and an extremely brilliant man. In mediation three, Descartes is tryingRead MoreEssay on Descartes vs Locke1257 Words   |  6 Pageslargely by experience, observation, and sensory perception. Renà © Descartes and John Locke, both seventeenth century philosophers, are often seen as two of the first early modern philosophers. Both Descartes and Locke attempt to find answers to the same questions in metaphysics and epistemology; among these: What is knowledge? Is there certainty in knowledge? What roles do the mind and body play in the acquisition of knowledge? Descartes and Locke do not provide the same answers to these questions. InRead MoreSimilarities And Weaknesses Of Descartes And Locke On The Topic Of The Origin Of Ideas1237 Words   |  5 Pageswe have? Renà © Descartes and John Locke, both seventeenth-century philosophers, are often seen as two of the first early modern philosophers. One question that the both of them try to tackle is the origin of ideas. Descartes and Locke do not provide the same answers to this question. This paper will discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of both augments of Descartes and Locke on the topic of the origin of ideas. I t will also discuss who had the stronger argument overall. Descartes believesRead MoreDescartes vs Locke Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreJohn Locke s View On Identity963 Words   |  4 PagesHow is John Locke acknowledged in society? Rene Descartes became accredited by what? Well, people knew these men for their philosophical views, their views on identity varied undoubtedly. For example, Descartes famous line I think, therefore I am alludes to the fact that he most certainly exists. On the other hand, Locke believes that if you committed a crime, but cannot recall your actions, then you should not serve time for your crime. He nce, Descartes perspective of identity contains the selfRead MoreThe Early Stages of Psychology974 Words   |  4 Pages Beginnings Psychology is still in its infancy when compared with other sciences. It is approximately 125 years old (University of Phoenix, 2008). The roots of psychology were founded in abstract philosophers like Rene Descartes and John Locke, but go as far back as ancient Greece. Although we know that Babylonians and Buddhists played a significant role in the development of psychology, much of their teachings are passed down orally and lost or forgotten. ThereforeRead MoreWhat Is the Enlightenment? How Was This Question Answered by 18th Century Thinkers? and How Have Their Ideas Influenced Our Understanding of Modernity?962 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinitions created by a range of philosophes during and after the enlightenment period. These philosophers included Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Francis Bacon, Marquis de Condorcet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Rene Descartes. Some believed that the enlightenment somewhat defined what we now call modernity and consider to be human. Immanuel Kant quoted in his famous 1784 essay, the â€Å"Enlightenment is mankind’s exit from its self-incurred immaturity.† Kant, I (1784) pp. 49-79. He believed that having the

Art Institute Of Pittsburgh Online Division - 1118 Words

The reasoning behind this essay is to prove to The Art Institute of Pittsburgh-Online Division that I, Adriana Petoskey, have the ambition, passion, and autonomy to take on the responsibilities of what comes with obtaining a Bachelor of Science in Graphic Design. My ultimate career goal is to one day own and run a successful tattoo shop and graphic design business. I expect my education from AIP Online to help me obtain these goals by not only improving my artistic abilities but my willpower and attributes as a person. I feel it will help me focus more on what’s really important to be the best I can be. Who wouldn’t take advantage of that?!? I know if they helped me obtain snow internship I would be totally committed. It makes it all that much easier knowing you have people to support you along the way, so why not try that much harder to pursue what you want. When doing research on AIP Online I was surprised the many other services they offer to help you be even more successful with your dreams. I personally know I will certainly use AIP Online career services throughout my educational journey. How did I choose my career goals you ask? Well I’ve been interested in art as long as I can remember and I’ve always searched for a career that I had a lot of interest in but involved art in some way. Through many years of self discovery, I found graphic design. I learned that it was something that was well demanded in the world, so I could be successful and do what I love. WithShow MoreRelatedAndrew Carnegie Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesScotlands depression in 1848 caused the family to move to the United States. Here, they became part of a Scottish colony near Pittsburgh, in a town called Allegheny. Andrew was 12 years old at the time and worked in a cotton factory, going to school at night. He became a messenger boy at age 14 for the Pittsburgh Telegraph Office , where the superintendent of the western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Thomas A. Scott, noticed him and made him his secretary. Andrew later worked in WashingtonRead MoreComparing Forms of Illustration534 Words   |  2 Pagessometimes including illustrations in the design in order to show something that the photograph cannot. According toThe Art Institute, â€Å"They can emphasize, idealize, and show things that do not exist in reality. In some cases, an illustration may grab a viewer’s attention because they know that the picture is not a photograph and they admire how well it is drawn† (The Art Institute). In my opinion, the possibilities and creativity is endless in advertising illustration because there are fewer limitationsRead MoreThe Gestalt Principles and Multitasking Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Gestalt Principles and Multitasking Revealed An Analysis of the Principles Michael Mohammad The Art Institute of California- San Diego Author Note This paper was prepared for Cognitive Psychology – PSY3010, Section YA, taught by Professor Joycelynn Flowers-ashton. Abstract The Gestalt theory first arose in 1890 as a reaction to the prevalent psychological theory of the time - atomism. Atomism examined parts of things with the idea that these parts could then be put back togetherRead MoreEssay on Salon Services973 Words   |  4 Pagesdecide which structure my industry best fit in. I learned that in monopolistic competition there is free entry and exit of firms which means that if other firms are making a profit then someone else can open a similar firm offering similar services (Online lectures). Advertising is also necessary to create consumer awareness. My research in week 3 taught me that differentiation of services is very important in monopolistic competition. Being a hairstylist and working in the industry has given me insightRead MorePersonality Analysis of Charles Manson5245 Words   |  21 Pageshttp://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/national_worldamp;id=8618085 Ryckman, R. (2007). Theories of personality. (9 ed., pp. 123-125). Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth. Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/ The Art Institute of Pittsburgh Online Division. (2012). Week 2 online lecture : Psychoanalytic theory. Retrieved from http://myeclassonline.com Grice, M. (2010). Operant conditioning : Is abusive behavior learned through this condition?. Examiner, Retrieved from http://www.examiner.coRead MoreThe Development of Body Image in Young Girls and Adolescent Women 1864 Words   |  8 Pagesto be dissatisfied with their bodies, proactively trying to change them, and feeling like they need to emulate something different than what their bodies can do, according to Elissa Gittes, MD, a pediatrician in the division of adolescent medicine at Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh. Dr Dee Dawson, founder and medical director of the clinic Rhodes Farm in north London, treated a six-year-old with all the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. 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Allyn 1958 Fellowship †¢ Jackson Award for product initiation, design, and marketing work in Introduction to Engineering †¢ GPA: 3.77 Waterville, ME Colby College Bachelor of Arts in Economics, May 2004 †¢ Dual-Degree program through Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College †¢ Member of the Varsity Crew EXPERIE CE 2007-2009 General Electric - Aviation Cincinnati, OH Sourcing Program Leader, Engine Services – GlobalRead MoreStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 PagesConfirming Pages Strategic Management CONCEPTS CASES FRANK T. ROTHAERMEL Georgia Institute of Technology rot12737_fm_i-xlvi.indd iii 17/11/11 7:37 PM Confirming Pages STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS AND CASES Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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Pokka Corp Free Essays

February 1957 Established Nikka Lemon Co. , Ltd. for the production and distribution of lemon beverages. We will write a custom essay sample on Pokka Corp or any similar topic only for you Order Now October 1963 Built Nagoya factory in Kitanagoya-city, Aichi Prefecture. April 1966 Changed corporate name to Pokka Lemon Co. , Ltd. May 1972 Commenced production and distribution of canned coffee, POKKA COFFEE. November 1973 Developed and promoted vending machines, separate machines for hot and cold drinks. January 1977 Established Pokka Corporation (Singapore) Ltd. September 1980 Commenced production of canned soup to enter soup business March 1982 Changed corporate name to Pokka Corporation. December 1984 Built central laboratory and Nagoya distribution center in Kitanagoya-city, Aichi prefecture. June 1985 Listed on Second Section of Nagoya Stock Exchange (NSE). July 1987 Listed on Second Section of Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) February 1988 Built Toyota factory, far-infrared roasting factory for coffee, in Nishinakayama-cho, Toyota-city, Aichi Prefecture. April 1988 Listed on First Sections of TSE and NSE. February 1991 Built Gunma factory and distribution center in Isesaki-city, Gunma Prefecture. September 1993 Pokka Corporation(Singapore)Ltd. established Pokka Ace(M)Sdn. Bhd. October 1994 Established Pokka Create Co. Ltd. to start managing coffee shops and restaurants February 1996 Succeeded in developing de-oxygenating method; released first canned coffee produced using the method. December 1996 Acquired Foremost Blue Seal Ltd. in Okinawa December 2005 Implemented MBO and de-listed from TSE and NSE,to achieve further growth of the company and increase its corporate va lue. January 2008 Formed a capital and business alliance with Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. September 2009 Formed a capital and business alliance with Sapporo Holdings Ltd. ——————————————————————————– How to cite Pokka Corp, Papers

Analysis And Proposal confidence prediction - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis And Proposal confidence prediction. Answer: Article analysis The title of the article is A Burkholderia Type VI Effector Deamidates Rho GTPases to Activate the Pyrin Inflammasome and Trigger Inflammation Summary Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative environmental pathogen that causes opportunistic infections in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (Juhas et al., 2012). The type VI secretion system of B. cenocepacia is required for its pathogenesis (Rosales-Reyes et al., 2012). This secretion system inactivates the Rho type GTPases, thereby causing downregulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages, blocks assesmbly of the NADPH oxidase onto the vacuole containing the B. cenocepacia and also causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of macrophages (Rosales?Reyes et al., 2012; Toesca, French Miller, 2014). It also causes activation of the secretion of interlekins (IL)-1/18, macrophage pyroptosis and caspase 1 inflammasome (Gavrilin et al., 2012). This study identifies a non VgrG type VI secretion system effector molecule responsible for disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of macrophages. This Type VI secretion system effector is termed as TecA. This TecA effector causes d eamidation of of the Rho-GTPases. The target amino acid of TecA is asparagine. Deamidation of the asparagines 41 causes inactivation of the GTPases and eventual disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of host macrophages. Deamidation of RhoA by TecA causes activation of the Pyrin inflammasome, which in turn causes inflammation in the lungs. Thus, this study characterizes TecA and identifies its role as a non-VgrG type VI secretion system effector and carries out modification of the eukaryotic host, thereby causing host cell death and inflammation. Knowledge gap addressed and the main thesis of the article Very few reports are available regarding the characterization of Type VI secretion system effectors belonging to the non-VgrG family (Jiang et al., 2014; Miyata et al., 2013). Moreover, the physiological functions of the few non-VgrG family Type VI secretion system effectors reported were not identified (Valvano et al., 2015). Moreover, no reports were previously present that dealt with Type VI secretion system effectors of B. cenocepacia that can carry out disruption of the actin cytoskeletons of macrophages, thereby altering their physiology. The main thesis of the paper is to identify and characterize the mechanism of action of the Type VI secretion system effector TecA in B. cenocepacia pathogenesis. Hypothesis and Experimental methods The hypothesis for the first figure is the identification of the tecA gene encoding a non-VgrG family Type VI secretion system effector that can carry out alterations in host targets. The first hypothesis deals with the genetic mapping of tecA, which was found to be located in the chromosome 2 of B. cenocepacia K56-2 strain. B. cenocepacia tecA mutants when infected into macrophages produced a bead like appearance phenotype, which got abolished when tecA was expressed in trans through a plasmid. Thus, it was found that mutation of TecA affected its ability to carry out actin rearrangements. The hypothesis for the second figure identifies the target of TecA. It was found that TecA causes RhoA deamidation at the asparagines residue located at position 41. Mass spectrometry helped to identify the amino acid that is modified in RhoA. The hypothesis for figure 3 is that TecA is highly essential for deamidation of Rho and when mutated cannot carry out deamidation. Complementation of the te cA mutant with TecA expressed from a plasmid helped to induce RhoA modifiucation and mass spectrometry helped to show that asparagines at position 41 of RhoA gets converted to aspartic acid by TecA. Moreover, Rac1 was found to be modified at position 39, which is homologous to RhoA that undergoes modification at position 41. The hypothesis of the fourth figure is that TecA is a deamidases that modifies Rho type GTPases. BLAST analysis was carried out to determine the other TecA orthologs. Homologs were also identified. A conserved Cys-His-Asp sequence were identified, where the cysteine acts a s a nucleophile. Moreover, in silico modeling were also carried out. The hypothesis for the fifth figure is that RhoA deamidation activates the Pyrin inflammasomes. Mutation of tecA was unable to cause caspase 1 activation, interleukin secretion and pyroptosis. However, mutation of the residues of the catalytic triad resulted in loss of function of TecA. The hypothesis for the last figure is t hat TecA causes lung inflammation and when recognized by Pyrin, it gives protection from severe lung infection in mice. Immunoblotting and ELISA experiments were carried out. The results were highly compelling as these helped to identify the mechanism of action of TecA and also the targets that are modified by TecA in eukaryotic hosts. Conclusion The article is highly compelling as it for the first time helps to demonstrate the effects of a non-VgrG family type VI secretion system effector TecA in the pathogenesis of B. cenocepacia. This study carries out the experiments in mice models, but future experiments are needed to determine the effect of TecA in plant and insect models. Moreover, it is also necessary to determine whether TecA from B. cenocepacia can function in other pathogens using the Type VI secretion system. It is necessary to determine the position of TecA where the substrate RhoA binds. Research Proposal The title of my research proposal is Identification of the binding site of RhoA in the deamidase TecA in B. cenocepacia. The substrate binding site of TecA is not known, so my research objective would be to determine the binding site for RhoA in TecA. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 The deamidase TecA has a specific binding site for its substrate RhoA. RhoA binding domains have previously been identified in other species, hence it is necessary to determine the binding site of RhoA in the deamidase TecA (Shang et al., 2012). This can be carried out by application of yeast 2 hybrid screens (Stynen et al., 2012). It will help to determine the binding site of RhoA in TecA. Hypothesis 2 The binding sequence for RhoA in TecA of B. cenocepacia shows significant homology with the other identified RhoA binding proteins. Sequence homology needs to be determined by carrying out sequence analysis using bioinformatic tools like BLAST, CLUSTALW, among others. This will help to determine the binding site sequence of TecA. Hypothesis 3 TecA carries out deamidation of RhoA in plant and insect models. To address this hypothesis, mutation of TecA will be carried out, followed by introduction of the B. cenocepacia tecA mutants in plant and insect cell lines. The ability of the mutants can be determined by its ability to carry out actin disruption in the host macrophages. For this phase contrast microscopy can be carried out. This will help to determine whether TecA has the same mechanism of action in other eukaryotic host models. Hypothesis 4 Overexpression of TecA from B. cenocepacia can complement the phenotypes of the tecA mutants in other pathogenic microorganisms. To address this hypothesis, tecA mutant of other pathogenic microorganisms can be complemented with B. cenocepacia TecA. TecA from B. cenocepacia can be cloned in an expression plasmid and overexpressed in trans in the tecA mutants in other species. Phase contrast microscopy can be carried out to determine the effects of overexpression of B. cenocepacia TecA on the stability of macrophages. This experiment will help to determine whether TecA can function in heterologous hosts as well. Bibliography Gavrilin, M. A., Abdelaziz, D. H., Mostafa, M., Abdulrahman, B. A., Grandhi, J., Akhter, A., ... Amer, A. O. (2012). Activation of the pyrin inflammasome by intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia.The Journal of Immunology,188(7), 3469-3477. Jiang, F., Waterfield, N. R., Yang, J., Yang, G., Jin, Q. (2014). A Pseudomonas aeruginosa type VI secretion phospholipase D effector targets both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Cell host microbe,15(5), 600-610. Juhas, M., Stark, M., von Mering, C., Lumjiaktase, P., Crook, D. W., Valvano, M. A., Eberl, L. (2012). High confidence prediction of essential genes in Burkholderia cenocepacia.PloS one,7(6), e40064. Miyata, S. T., Unterweger, D., Rudko, S. P., Pukatzki, S. (2013). Dual expression profile of type VI secretion system immunity genes protects pandemic Vibrio cholerae.PLoS pathogens,9(12), e1003752. Rosales-Reyes, R., Aubert, D. F., Tolman, J. S., Amer, A. O., Valvano, M. A. (2012). Burkholderia cenocepacia type VI secretion system mediates escape of type II secreted proteins into the cytoplasm of infected macrophages.PLoS One,7(7), e41726. Rosales?Reyes, R., Skeldon, A. M., Aubert, D. F., Valvano, M. A. (2012). The Type VI secretion system of Burkholderia cenocepacia affects multiple Rho family GTPases disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and the assembly of NADPH oxidase complex in macrophages.Cellular microbiology,14(2), 255-273. Shang, X., Marchioni, F., Sipes, N., Evelyn, C. R., Jerabek-Willemsen, M., Duhr, S., ... Zheng, Y. (2012). Rational design of small molecule inhibitors targeting RhoA subfamily Rho GTPases.Chemistry biology,19(6), 699-710. Stynen, B., Tournu, H., Tavernier, J., Van Dijck, P. (2012). Diversity in genetic in vivo methods for protein-protein interaction studies: from the yeast two-hybrid system to the mammalian split-luciferase system.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,76(2), 331-382. Toesca, I. J., French, C. T., Miller, J. F. (2014). The Type VI secretion system spike protein VgrG5 mediates membrane fusion during intercellular spread by pseudomallei group Burkholderia species.Infection and immunity,82(4), 1436-1444. Valvano, M. A. (2015). Intracellular survival of Burkholderia cepacia complex in phagocytic cells.Canadian journal of microbiology,61(9), 607-615.